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    1. Species/
    2. Sponges/
    3. Chondrilla nucula

    Sponges · Chondrillidae

    Chondrilla nucula

    Chicken liver sponge

    A smooth, shiny encrusting sponge, greenish-brown to yellowish, from the Mediterranean and Atlantic. It hosts photosynthetic cyanobacteria. In the wild Chondrilla can overgrow corals: watch it closely.

    • intermediate level
    • Not reef safe
    Minimum tank
    100 L
    Adult size
    ≤ 15 cm

    This sheet is still being written. Some sections are not filled in yet: they stay hidden while they are empty.

    On this sheet

    1. Care and feeding
    2. Compatibility
    3. Description
    4. Conservation
    5. Classification
    6. Sources

    Day to day

    Care and feeding

    • LevelIntermediate
    • FoodFilter Feeder
    • Tank≥ 100 L

    Care

    Acclimation: like all invertebrates it is very sensitive to even minor changes in water chemistry; acclimate it slowly, by floating or drip, without rushing. Above all, NEVER take it out of the water, whether at purchase, in transport or during acclimation: even brief contact with air traps bubbles in its pores that block the flow of water, and the colony then starves or decomposes.

    Placement: put it in moderate to strong flow that brings food and carries waste away, but never where air bubbles can be forced into the colony (skimmer outlet, agitated surface). For most sponges light matters little; strong light grows algae on the colony, which clogs its pores and stops it feeding.

    Difficulty and risks: Meerwasser-Lexikon rates it of 'average' difficulty and advises at least 100 litres. But above all it is a coloniser: in Bermuda a Chondrilla recorded under this name uses toxins (allelopathy) to overgrow attached organisms, mostly corals, and one study attributes 43 to 51 % of the observed coral overgrowth to it. Wikipedia (it) calls it highly toxic to most other marine organisms. If it arrives on live rock, keep it away from corals and remove spreading sheets.

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    Signs to watch: a sponge that has been exposed to air often dies slowly, in patches; a colony that loses colour, gets covered in algae or decomposes is starving or smothering. Do not leave it to rot in the tank. Also avoid copper treatments in an invertebrate tank.

    Feeding

    Like all sponges it is a filter feeder: it draws water in through its pores and retains phytoplankton, zooplankton and fine particles. It feeds almost constantly and needs supplemental feedings (a fine food for filter-feeding invertebrates) to thrive in a tank.

    It combines filtering with input from its symbiotic cyanobacteria, which requires light; without light it loses its symbionts. Its very efficient filtering lets it thrive in water rich in organic matter: in a heavily loaded tank, that is exactly what can help it spread. None of the sources consulted gives a feeding frequency.

    Decor

    • An isolated rock, away from corals, to contain its spread
    • A lit spot (symbiotic cyanobacteria)
    • Adequate flow, free of air bubbles

    Tank mates

    Compatibility

    Avoid

    • ✕Corals and other attached invertebrates nearby: it can overgrow them
    • ✕Skimmer outlets and micro-bubble zones: air trapped in its pores kills it
    • ✕Copper-based treatments

    In detail

    Description

    Identification: rounded or oval cushions 1 to 3 cm long, soft and slimy to the touch, greenish-brown with paler rings around the oscula; they form sheets that can cover several square metres. The skeleton contains only small star-shaped spicules. Beware of confusion: in the Caribbean the 'chicken liver sponge' was described in 2007 as a separate species, Chondrilla caribensis, and Indo-Pacific records of C. nucula belong to other Chondrilla.

    In the wild it lives in the Mediterranean on well-lit rocky bottoms and Posidonia meadows, 1 to 6 m deep, and in the Atlantic. It filters water very efficiently, which lets it live in waters rich in organic matter; it is even used as a biofilter in aquaculture. Its symbiotic cyanobacteria supplement its diet; in dark caves it is white and lacks symbionts. It reproduces by larvae after internal fertilisation and, under poor conditions, asexually. The hawksbill turtle eats it.

    Status: the species is not evaluated by the IUCN (category NE according to GBIF) and no taxon of the genus Chondrilla is listed by CITES (checked on Species+).

    Characteristics

    • Smooth, shiny, slimy cushions 1 to 3 cm long, forming wide sheets.
    • Greenish-brown to yellowish; white in dark caves.
    • Symbiotic cyanobacteria: partly photosynthetic nutrition.
    • Can overgrow corals through allelopathy (toxins).
    • Very efficient filter feeder, used as a biofilter in aquaculture.
    • Atlantic–Mediterranean species; the Caribbean form is Chondrilla caribensis.

    Origin

    • Mediterranean and Atlantic

    Distribution

    • Mediterranean: lit rocky bottoms and Posidonia meadows, 1 to 6 m
    • Atlantic
    • Caribbean Chondrilla are now referred to C. caribensis

    Status

    Conservation

    IUCN Red List

    Not evaluated (NE)

    WoRMS

    Classification

    Kingdom
    Animalia
    └
    Phylum
    Porifera
    └
    Class
    Demospongiae
    └
    Order
    Chondrillida
    └
    Family
    Chondrillidae
    └
    Genus
    Chondrilla
    └
    Species
    Chondrilla nucula

    AphiaID 134110 · See on WoRMS (opens in a new tab)

    Where this comes from

    Sources

    1. [1]WoRMSWoRMS — Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 (AphiaID 134110) (opens in a new tab) · accessed on November 11, 2026
    2. [2]WebGBIF — IUCN Red List category of Chondrilla nucula (Not Evaluated) (opens in a new tab) · accessed on November 11, 2026
    3. [3]CITESSpecies+ — search for Chondrilla (no CITES taxon concept for Chondrilla nucula) (opens in a new tab) · accessed on November 11, 2026
    4. [4]WebWikipedia (it) — Chondrilla nucula (distribution, description, cyanobacteria, toxicity, reproduction, biofilter use) (opens in a new tab) · accessed on November 11, 2026
    5. [5]WebWikipedia (en) — Chondrilla nucula (epibiont, photosymbionts, white cave form, hawksbill turtle) (opens in a new tab) · accessed on November 11, 2026
    6. [6]WebMeerwasser-Lexikon — Chondrilla nucula (difficulty 'average', 100 L, up to 15 cm) (aquarium suitability, size, temperature, depth, distribution) (opens in a new tab) · accessed on November 11, 2026
    7. [7]WebMarine Invertebrates of Bermuda (A. Shepard, ed. J.B. Wood) — Chondrilla nucula, Chicken Liver Sponge (allelopathy, coral overgrowth after Vicente 1990) (opens in a new tab) · accessed on November 11, 2026
    8. [8]WebSponge Guide (Porifera Tree of Life) — Chondrilla caribensis Rützler, Duran & Piantoni 2007, 'chicken liver sponge' (opens in a new tab) · accessed on November 11, 2026
    9. [9]WebThat Pet Place — Live Sponges in the Home Aquarium (care article) (opens in a new tab) · accessed on November 11, 2026
    10. [10]WebQuality Marine — Blue Sponge, Haliclona sp. (care level, light, water parameters, copper warning) (opens in a new tab) · accessed on November 11, 2026
    11. [11]WebLiveAquaria — Acclimation Guides (why acclimate; floating and drip methods) (opens in a new tab) · accessed on November 11, 2026
    UpdatedNov 11, 2026
    Versionv2
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